Promoting High Growth Entrepreneurship in India

The centrality of entrepreneurship in the economic growth of nations is increasingly coming into focus in these troubled times. As pointed out in a recent article in The Economist, even as governments are busy trying to save their economies, policy makers are demonstrating a renewed interest in entrepreneurship and innovation.

In modern open economies, entrepreneurship is argued to be far more important than it ever was. There is a general consensus that almost all the new jobs in the U.S. in the last couple of decades have been created by startups spearheaded by energetic entrepreneurs. The large companies, if anything, have been steadily losing jobs.

The question that follows then is what type of entrepreneurship is important. Entrepreneurial ventures vary widely in their characteristics – from self-employment or necessity based entrepreneurship at one end of the spectrum to opportunity based entrepreneurship at the other, that seeks to revolutionize the world by leveraging new technology and creating new markets, Opportunity based entrepreneurship is usually based on significant innovation in the realm of technology, business process or the like and is set up to grow, right from inception. A significant share of new employment, particularly in the US, is created by the latter kind -- a small bunch of fast growing firms referred to as 'gazelles".

While India has a long history of entrepreneurship, as evidenced by centuries of business and commercial activity and the existence of generations old business groups and families, recent Global Entrepreneurship Monitor studies found that entrepreneurship in India has predominantly been necessity based rather than opportunity based. There have been very few 'gazelles' to create the desired impact on the economy through job creation. Thus the challenge of entrepreneurship in India is: - How to increase the incidence of potentially high growth entrepreneurial ventures?

To say that formidable barriers exist for high growth entrepreneurship in India is an understatement. Our research into the barriers and facilitators of entrepreneurship in the Indian context has revealed many facets of this problem. The catch up nature of technological opportunities, together with a strong focus on indigenization, has driven technological innovation away from commercial viability and state of the art knowledge. Indirect tax regimes favoring the small enterprise have suppressed scale and encouraged firms to remain small. Labor laws that limited the mobility of labor forced entrepreneurs to fear growth in employee strength. Poor infrastructure has led entrepreneurs to create their own and in the process, lock up precious capital which should have been deployed to grow the business. Inadequate availability of land with clear titles, and owner-occupant friendly policies have led to the diversion of scarce capital towards unproductive investments in land and buildings. Poor judicial enforcement of property rights and private contracts has led to sub-optimal business practices, such as make instead of buy and own instead of rent. Perhaps the most damaging impact of our deeply entrenched policy regime of the past has been the effect it had on the entrepreneurs' own beliefs concerning economy of scale, diversification and efficiency wages that limit their propensity to grow.

The accent on liberalization and globalization in the last two decades has brought about some mitigating effects in many of the areas cited above. A cursory look at some of the high growth ventures that have established themselves during this period points to a positive role played by the new economic policies in opening up areas with huge pent up demand for private investment and providing unrestricted access to the state of the art technology available in the world. Sectors such as telecommunication, power, transportation, logistics, media etc have seen significant entrepreneurial activity both from traditional business houses and first generation entrepreneurs. However, high growth entrepreneurship has not yet reached a proportion in India that commands attention.

Given the ambitious economic growth targets that India has set for itself, high growth businesses have a crucial role to play. While high growth businesses have to use their entrepreneurial ingenuity to overcome the environmental constraints or render them irrelevant, public policy has a significant and decisive role to play in minimizing, and preferably, completely removing the constraints that tend to be hostile to high growth entrepreneurship.

The challenge for policy makers in India can thus be articulated as one of creating the right framework conditions to enable the establishment of fast growing innovative new businesses by entrepreneurs. There are many avenues open to policy makers to address the issue, but the challenge would be in prioritization -- picking the right set of issues and sequencing them to achieve significant and quick pay-off.

Firstly, at the macro level, the government has to focus on upgrading and making available on demand quality physical infrastructure like power, roads, and transportation. Other than the quantum of the investments, what is required is also efficient project management and effective coordination among all stakeholders to ensure speedy implementation of projects. This will enable entrepreneurs to conserve capital and direct it to their core competence -- innovation.

Secondly, significant attention has to be paid to create and upgrade the knowledge infrastructure. This is where India has to reverse certain strongly entrenched trends in the economy that have proved to be counterproductive. Two thirds of the R&D expenditure in India is happening in the government and public sector, which is exactly the opposite of the trends in U.S . Technologies developed in the confines of government laboratories often find it difficult to face the test of viable commercial application. Also, effective mechanisms for efficient technologies to move from the government owned laboratories into the realm of commercial exploitation continue to remain weak despite years of trying. The combined impact has been a poor pipeline of innovative technologies that could be economically deployed by the commercial organizations in the form of products and services. On the other hand, the private sector, now increasingly open to global competition, should progressively increase its focus on R&D to develop a competitive edge through technological innovation. Any policy support to incentivize the private sector to increase its engagement with R&D would go a long way in promoting innovation with a sense of urgency and commercial viability. In addition, the processes and systems governing the public-private partnerships in commercializing technological innovations need to be overhauled to maximize their impact.
Thirdly, policies have to gear up to channelize the early stage risk capital towards sustaining vibrant innovative activity. There has been a significant increase in the number of government innovation funding programs to support new ideas falling into various domains. This directional shift in focus from controlling economic activity to promoting innovation is welcome, particularly because private venture capital in India has tended to be growth capital rather than risk capital. But, at the operating level, the rules, regulations and processes have not evolved with this change in focus. This, together with the near total absence of expertise on the part of the government machinery to assess and respond to risks associated with innovation, renders such resources inaccessible to those who need and deserve them. This has to change.